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赏析被动语态的用法与结构

日期: 2011-1-27 18:50:19 浏览: 0 来源: 学海网收集整理 作者: 佚名

一、被动语态的使用情况
   被动语态是英语中的两大语态之一,它表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态通常在以下情况下使用:
   (1)不知道谁是动作的执行者。如:
   It is found that Tom was murdered and the police has taken action to look into the case.
   句意为“有人发现汤姆被杀,警方已采取行动调查此事”。显然“谋杀”这个动作的执行者是未知的,此时用被动语态更适宜。
   (2) 没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。如:
   Fresh fruit is sold in this market.
   句意为“这个市场出售新鲜水果”。“出售”这个动作的执行者是人人皆知的,没有必要指出具体是谁。
   (3) 强调动作的承受者。如:
   “A Tale of Two Cities” was written by Dickens.
   句意为“《双城记》的作者是狄更斯”。此处“A Tale of Two Cities”是句子的重心,即主语是强调的对象, 但这并不是说by引起的状语不重要,如果把它们去掉,往往句意不完整。
   (4) 为了句式的变化或句子结构的平衡。如:
   The leader was killed by a terrorist who was arrested immediately after the exploding.
   句意为“那位领导人被一个恐怖分子杀害了,爆炸事件发生后这个恐怖分子立即被逮捕了”。这句话如果用主动语态表达,整个句子结构就会显得头重脚轻。又如:
   The government is going to build a new school next year and it is going to be built in the poor village.
   句意为“明年政府要建一所新的学校,就建在那个贫困村”。如果后一句也用主动语态表达, 前后两个句子的句式相同, 句子结构便显得呆板、啰嗦。
   (5) 有些情况如公告、 通知、 报纸标题等,有时用被动语态(被动结构)更适宜。如:
   No books are to be taken out of the reading room. 书籍不得带出阅览室。(公告)
   You are asked to be punctual for the examination. 大家务必准时到达考场。(通知)
   Some people kidnapped!平民遭绑架!(报纸标题)
   二、 被动语态的结构
   一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词(短语)才有被动语态。动作的执行者一般由介词by引起的短语来表示(by短语常可以省略)。被动语态由“助动词be +过去分词”构成。现以动词do为例,列出常用的八种时态的被动语态。
   (1) 一般现在时: is / am / are + done。如:
   How is this word pronounced? 这个单词怎么发音?
   (2) 一般过去时: was / were + done。如:
   She was asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱首歌。
   (3) 一般将来时: will / shall + be done或is / am / are going to + be done。如:
   Some of you will be sent to America for further training. 你们中有些人将被送到美国接受进一步的培训。
   The trees are going to be planted in this area. 这些树将被种植在这个区域。
   (4) 现在进行时: is / am / are + being done。如:
   The classroom is being cleaned by the students. 学生们正在打扫教室。
   (5) 现在完成时: have / has + been done。如:
   All the work has been finished. 所有工作都已完成了。
   (6) 过去进行时: was / were + being done。如:
   Mom told me that grandma was being taken good care of in that nursing home. 妈妈告诉我奶奶在那个疗养院被照顾得很好。
   (7) 过去完成时: had + been done。如:
   It was the first time that I had been criticized in public. 那是我第一次当众挨批。
   (8) 过去将来时: would + be done。如:
   He did know he would be assigned the complex job. 他就知道这项复杂的工作会安排给他。
   情态动词的被动结构为“情态动词 + be done”。如:
   Everything that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。
   另外,有些及物动词常常用于被动结构中,这类动词有be acclaimed, be suspended, be overcome, be indicated, be inferred, be born等。如:
   He has been widely acclaimed for his hard work. 他因为工作努力而受到普遍赞扬。
   A model plane is suspended above the stage. 舞台上方悬挂着一个飞机模型。
   I was born in a poor family. 我出生在一个贫穷的家庭。
   三、 主动语态转换为被动语态时的注意事项
   (1) 带复合宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语即可。如:
   His words made me throw up. → I was made to throw up by his words. 他的话令我呕吐。
   需要注意的是,在主动语态中, make, hear, see等词后接不定式时要省略to,但转换为被动语态时,则不能省略to。
   (2) 带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,可将表物的直接宾语变为主语,用for或to引出表人的间接宾语,或将表人的间接宾语变为主语即可。如:
   My father is telling me an interesting story now. → An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。
   (3) 动词短语作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,要把动词短语作为一个整体使用,而不能将其分开或去掉某部分。如:
   My grandparents have taken good care of me these years. → I have been taken good care of by my grandparents these years. 这些年来爷爷奶奶一直把我照顾得很好。
   当然,还有一些其他的特殊情况,同学们在学习过程中要注意总结,真正做到融会贯通。

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