植物细胞培养在药物上的应用
植物细胞培养在药物上的应用
轻工化工学院生物工程（2）班林敏
摘要 ：动物细胞培养开始于本世纪初 1962 年, 其规模开始扩大, 发展至今已成为生物、医学研究和应用中广泛采用的技术方法, 利用动物细胞培养生产具有重要医用价值的酶、生长因子、疫苗和单抗等, 已成为医药生物高技术产业的重要部分。过去中国生物制品界和卫生防疫界习惯将细菌制备的称作菌苗，病毒制备的称作疫苗，有的国家将二者都称作疫苗。类毒素也可称作疫苗。疫苗分灭活疫苗和活疫苗。本文主要是介绍疫苗
关键词：疫苗，预防传染病，自动免疫
前言：疫苗的发现可谓是人类发展史上一件具有里程碑意义的事件。因为从某种意义上来说人类繁衍生息的历史就是人类不断同疾病和自然灾害斗争的历史，控制传染性疾病最主要的手段就是预防，而接种疫苗被认为是最行之有效的措施。而事实证明也是如此，威胁人类几百年的天花病毒在牛痘疫苗出现后便被彻底消灭了，迎来了人类用疫苗迎战病毒的第一个胜利，也更加坚信疫苗对控制和消灭传染性疾病的作用。此后200年间疫苗家族不断扩大发展，目前用于人类疾病防治的疫苗有20多种，根据技术特点分为传统疫苗和新型疫苗。传统疫苗主要包括减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗，新型疫苗则以基因疫苗为主。
1原理：
1.1疫苗是将病原微生物（如细菌、立克次氏体、病毒等）及其代谢产物，经过人工减毒、灭活或利用基因工程等方法制成的用于预防传染病的自动免疫制剂。疫苗保留了病原菌刺激动物体免疫系统的特性。当动物体接触到这种不具伤害力的病原菌后，免疫系统便会产生一定的保护物质，如免疫激素、活性生理物质、特殊抗体等；当动物再次接触到这种病原菌时，动物体的免疫系统便会依循其原有的记忆，制造更多的保护物质来阻止病原菌的伤害。
2分类
2.1、灭活疫苗
选用免疫原性强的病原微生物经培养，用物理或化学方法将其灭活后，再经纯化制成。灭活疫苗使用的毒种一般是强毒株，但使用减毒的弱毒株也有良好的免疫原性，如用萨宾（Sabin）减毒株生产的脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗。灭活疫苗已失去对机体的感染力，但仍保持其免疫原性，可以刺激机体产生相应的免疫力，抵抗野毒株的感染。灭活疫苗免疫效果良好，在2～8℃下一般可保存一年以上，没有毒力返祖的风险；但灭活疫苗进入人体后不能生长繁殖，对人体刺激时间短，要获得强而持久的免疫力，一般需要加入佐剂，且需多次、大剂量注射，并缺乏自然感染的局部免疫保护。包括细菌、病毒、立克次体及类毒素制剂。
2.2、减毒活疫苗
是采用人工定向变异的方法，或从自然界筛选出毒力高度减弱或基本无毒的活的微生物制成的疫苗。减毒活疫苗接种后，在机体内有一定的生长繁殖能力，可使机体发生类似隐性感染或轻度感染的反应，但不产生临床症状，免疫效果强而持久，一般只需接种一次，且用量较小，除刺激机体产生细胞免疫和体液免疫外，尚能产生局部免疫保护。但减毒活疫苗须在低温条件下保存及运输，有效期相对较短，存在毒力返祖的风险。
2.3、亚单位疫苗
在大分子抗原携带的多种特异性的抗原决定簇中，只有少量抗原部位对保护性免疫应答起重要作用。通过化学分解或有控制性的蛋白质水解方法使天然蛋白质分离，提取细菌、病毒的特殊蛋白质结构，筛选出具有免疫活性的片段制成的疫苗，称为亚单位疫苗。亚单位疫苗仅有几种主要表面蛋白质，因而能消除许多无关抗原诱发的抗体，从而减少疫苗的副反应和疫苗引起的相关疾病。A群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗、伤寒Vi多糖疫苗是比较早的亚单位疫苗，该类疫苗减少了全菌疫苗使用中所出现的不良反应；此外，流感裂解疫苗的免疫效果及安全性已在国内外的广泛应用中得到了肯定。亚单位疫苗的不足之处是免疫原性较低，需与佐剂合用才能产生好的免疫效果，所以，若全菌（病毒）疫苗不存在严重不良反应,仍应以全菌（病毒）疫苗为首选。
2.4、基因工程疫苗
是使用DNA重组生物技术，把病原体外壳蛋白质中能诱发机体免疫应答的天然或人工合成的遗传物质定向插入细菌、酵母或哺乳动物细胞中，使之充分表达，经纯化后而制得的疫苗。应用基因工程技术能制出不含感染性物质的亚单位疫苗、稳定的以活病毒为载体的减毒疫苗以及能预防多种疾病的多价疫苗。这是继第一代传统疫苗之后的第二代疫苗，具有安全、有效、免疫应答长久、联合免疫易于实现等优点。目前我校开展的甲、乙肝疫苗即为基因疫苗。
展望疫苗被广泛认定为能减少许多疾病的流行和影响。各国和国际 公共卫生组织视 接种为他们对抗拒疾病的战略重点。保健组织和医生 的共识是透过大型接种活动来达至个人及群体免疫力是铲除或控制致命疾病的一个根本和有效的组分。：
参考文献：
1互联网，2006-08-15
2百度网，2010-1-14
3复旦大学校医院网站，2009-2-25
4互动百科网
Plant cell culture in medicine
LinMin Light industry institute's chemistry bio-engineering (2 classes) LinMin
Abstract: animal cell culture began in the early of this century, its beginnings in 1962, development has become the biological and medical research and application of the technology, using animal cell culture has important medical value of the enzyme, growth factors, vaccines and form etc, has become a high-tech industry, biological medicine, the important part.。 Past China biological products and anti-epidemic bounded habits will bacteria, viruses JunMiao called preparation of preparation, some countries called vaccine will both called the vaccine. Can also be called endotoxins. Vaccine points inactivated vaccine and vaccine. This paper is an introduction to the vaccine
Keywords:Vaccine to prevent infectious diseases, automatic immune
Introduction: the vaccine that mankind's history is a landmark event. Because human beings from a sense of human history is multiplied with disease and constantly struggle history of natural disasters, and control of infectious diseases is the main means to prevent and vaccination is considered the most effective measures. But facts have proved too, threatening human hundreds of years of smallpox vaccine in accinia was completely eliminated after, ushered in the human virus vaccine against the first victory, also more believe to control and eliminate vaccine of infectious diseases. After 20 years development, expanding family vaccine for human disease prevention of current vaccine has more than 20, according to the technical characteristics of traditional vaccines and new vaccines divided. Traditional vaccines mainly includes live attenuated vaccine and inactiated accine, new vaccines to gene vaccines.
1 principle:
1.1 vaccine is pathogenic microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, times austenitic, etc) and its metabolites, artificial reduction poison, inactivated or using genetic engineering methods used to prevent infectious diseases of the automatic immune preparations. Vaccine retained the animal body stimulates the immune system pathogenic characteristics. When the animal body touch this does not damage the pathogen, immune system will produce certain protective substances, such as hormones, active substances, such special physiological antibody, When the animal again when the pathogen exposure to the immune system, animal will follow its original memory, make more protection material to prevent pathogens.
2 classification,
2.1, inactivated vaccine
Choose immunogenicity of pathogenic microorganism cultivation, by using physical or chemical method, then the inactivated by purification. The poison of inactiated accine in general use, but use is strong strain decrease toxicity of weak strains have good immunogenicity, such as using SaBin (Sabin) reduce strain of polio inactivated vaccine production. Inactivated vaccine has lost to the appeal, but still keep the immunogenicity, can stimulate the body to produce the corresponding immunity against wild strain of infection. Inactivated vaccine immune effect is good, in 2-8 degrees under general can save more than a year, no virulence atavistic risk; But after enters the body inactivated vaccine can grow to stimulate human body, short time, strong and lasting immunity, generally need to join, and many times, adjuvant high-dose injection, and lack of local immune protect natural infection. Include bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and endotoxins.
classification,
2.2, live attenuated vaccine
Is the method using artificial orientation variations from nature, or were highly irulent abate or basic non-toxic live microorganisms is made of the vaccine. Live attenuated vaccine inoculation, have certain growth in the ability to reproduce, can make airframe similar recessive infection or mild infection, but don't produce the reaction clinical symptoms, strong and lasting immunity effect, only a small amount, and vaccination, in addition to stimulate the body to produce the cellular immune and humoral immune outside, still can produce local immune protect. But live attenuated vaccine at low temperature conditions must be preserved and transportation, relatively short period, the risk of virulence atavistic.
2.3, unit vaccine
In the various specific antigen of macromolecular carry the antigens, only a small cluster of decision of protective antigen plays an important role in immune response. Through the control of chemical analysis or protein hydrolytic protein separation method makes the natural extracted bacteria, viruses, the special protein structure, which has made the fragments of immune activity, called the unit vaccine vaccine. The unit vaccine only several major surface protein, thus can eliminate many independent antigen antibody, thereby reducing the trigger of side effect and the related diseases caused by vaccines. A group of typhoid vaccine, meningococci polysaccharide Vi polysaccharide vaccine is relatively early subunits vaccine, reduce the bacteria vaccine vaccine in use of adverse reactions, In addition, the flu vaccine immune effect and cracking in the domestic and international security has been widely applied in the affirmative. The unit of vaccine deficiency is low immunogenicity, and can produce good share adjuvants immune effect, so, if all bacteria (virus) vaccine does not exist serious adverse reactions, still should be with all bacteria (virus) vaccine is first selection.
2.4, genetic engineering vaccine
Using recombinant DNA is the biological technology, protein can induce the pathogen shell immune response of natural or synthetic genetic material directional insert bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells, make full expression, the purification and vaccines. Application of genetic engineering technology, can produce excluding infectious matter of vaccine, stable in unit for the virus carrier attenuated vaccine can prevent diseases and price of vaccine. This is the first generation of the second generation of traditional vaccines, vaccine is safe, effective, immune response, and is easy to realize for joint immunity etc. The hepatitis b vaccine of armour, namely for gene vaccines.
Prospects are widely recognized for vaccine can reduce the influence of fashion and many diseases. National and international public health organization for them to resist vaccinations depending on the strategic key. Disease, Health care organizations and doctors were inoculated by large-scale activities to reach to individual and group immunity is removed or fatal disease control of a fundamental and effective components. :
References:
1 the Internet, 2006-08-15
2, 2010-1-14 baidu.com
3 big school of fudan 2009-2-25 hospital site
4 interactive encyclopedia net
植物细胞培养在药物上的应用.doc
