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Thermal Energy(美国麻省理工)课件
PART 0 - PRELUDE: REVIEW OF “UNIFIED ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS”
0.1 What it’s all about
0-1 0.2 Definitions and fundamentals ideas of thermodynamics 0-1 0.3 Review of thermodynamics concepts 0-2
PART 1 - THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1.A- Background to the Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.A.1 Some Properties of Engineering Cycles: Work and Efficiency 1A-1
1.A.2 Carnot Cycles 1A-3
1.A.3 Brayton Cycles (or Joule Cycles): The Power Cycle for a Gas Turbine Jet 1A-5
Engine
1.A.4 Gas Turbine Technology and Thermodynamics 1A-8
1.A.5 Refrigerators and heat pumps 1A-11
1.A.6 Reversibility and Irreversibility in Natural Processes 1A-12
1.A.7 Difference between Free Expansion of a Gas and Reversible Isothermal 1A-14
Expansion 1.A.8 Features of reversible Processes 1A-16
1.B The Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.B.1 Concept and Statements of the Second Law 1B-1
1.B.2 Axiomatic statements of the Laws of Thermodynamics 1B-3
1.B.3 Combined First and Second Law Expressions 1B-5
1.B.4 Entropy Changes in an Ideal Gas 1B-6
1.B.5 Calculation of Entropy Change in Some Basic Processes 1B-7
1.C Applications of the Second Law
1.C.1 Limitations on the Work that Can be Supplied by a Heat Engine 1C-1
1.C.2 The thermodynamic Temperature Scale 1C-3
1.C.3 Representation of Thermodynamic Processes in T-s coordinates 1C-4
1.C.4 Brayton Cycle in T-s coordinates 1C-5
1.C.5 Irreversibility, Entropy Changes, and Lost Work 1C-8
1.C.6 Entropy and Unavailable Energy 1C-11
1.C.7 Examples of Lost Work in Engineering Processes 1C-14
1.C.8 Some Overall Comments on Entropy, Reversible and Irreversible Processes 1C-23
1.D Interpretation of Entropy on the Microscopic Scale - The Connection between Randomness and Entropy
1.D.1 Entropy Change in Mixing of Two ideal Gases 1D-1
1.D.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Descriptions of a System 1D-2
1.D.3 A Statistical Definition of Entropy 1D-3
1.D.4 Connection between the Statistical Definition of Entropy and Randomness 1D-5
1.D.5 Numerical Example of the Approach to the Equilibrium Distribution
1D-6
1.D.6 Summary and Conclusions
1D-11
PART 2 - POWER AND PROPULSION CYCLES
2.A Gas Power and Propulsion Cycles
2.A.1 The Internal Combustion Engine (Otto Cycle) 2A-1
2.A.2 Diesel Cycle 2A-4
2.A.3 Brayton Cycle 2A-5
2.A.4 Brayton Cycle for Jet Propulsion: the Ideal Ramjet 2A-6
2.A.5 The Breguet Range Equation 2A-8
2.A.6 Performance of the Ideal Ramjet 2A-11
2.A.7 Effect of departures from Ideal Behavior 2A-14
2.B Power Cycles with two-Phase media
2.B.1Behavior of Two-Phase Systems 2B-1
2.B.2 Work and Heat Transfer with Two-Phase Media 2B-5
2.B.3 The Carnot Cycle as a Two-Phase Power Cycle 2B-8
2.B.4 Rankine Power Cycles 2B-13
2.B.5 Enhancements of, and Effect of Design Parameters on Rankine Cycles 2B-15
2.B.6 Combined Cycles in Stationary Gas Turbine for Power Production 2B-19
2.B.7 Some Overall Comments on Thermodynamic Cycles 2B-21
2.C Introduction to Thermochemistry
2.C.1 Fuels 2C-1
2.C.2 Fuel-Air Ratio 2C-2
2.C.3 Enthalpy of Formation 2C-2
2.C.4 First Law analysis of Reacting systems 2C-4
2.C.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 2C-7
PART 3 - INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
1.0 Heat Transfer Modes.......................................................................................................... HT-5
2.0 Conduction Heat Transfer .................................................................................................. HT-5
2.1 Steady-State One-Dimensional Conduction.................................................................... HT-8
2.2 Thermal Resistance Circuits..........................................................................................HT-10
2.3 Steady Quasi-One-Dimensional Heat Flow in Non-Planar Geometry ........................... HT-14
3.0 Convective Heat Transfer..................................................................................................HT-18
3.1 The Reynolds Analogy..................................................................................................HT-19
3.2 Combined Conduction and Convection .........................................................................HT-24
3.3 Dimensionless Numbers and Analysis of Results ..........................................................HT-29
4.0 Temperature Distributions in the Presence of Heat Sources...............................................HT-32
5.0 Heat Transfer From a Fin ..................................................................................................HT-35
6.0 Transient Heat Transfer (Convective Cooling or Heating).................................................HT-40
7.0 Some Considerations in Modeling Complex Physical Processes........................................HT-42
8.0 Heat Exchangers ...............................................................................................................HT-43
8.1 Efficiency of a Counterflow Heat Exchanger.................................................................HT-50
9.0 Radiation Heat Transfer (Heat transfer by thermal radiation).............................................HT-52
9.1 Ideal Radiators ..............................................................................................................HT-53
9.2 Kirchhoff’s Law and "Real Bodies" ...............................................................................HT-55
9.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Between Planar Surfaces.........................................................HT-55
9.4 Radiation Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces of Arbitrary Geometry ......................HT